Registro Español de Marcapasos. XVI Informe Oficial de la Sección de Estimulación Cardiaca de la Sociedad Española de Cardiología (2018) / Spanish Pacemaker Registry. 16th Official Report of the Spanish Society of Cardiology Working Group on Cardiac Pacing (2018)

Introducción y objetivos: Se describe el resultado del análisis de los dispositivos de estimulación implantados y remitidos al Registro Español de Marcapasos en 2018. Métodos: Información que aporta la Tarjeta Europea del Paciente Portador de Marcapasos, así como los datos proporcionados por la industria sobre el número total de dispositivos implantados. Resultados: Se recibió información de 90 centros hospitalarios, con un total de 12.148 tarjetas, lo cual supone un 31% de la actividad total estimada. El consumo de generadores convencionales y de dispositivos de resincronización fue de 825 y 77 unidades por millón de habitantes respectivamente. La media de edad de los pacientes que recibieron un implante fue 78,3 años y un 54% de los dispositivos se implantaron en pacientes mayores de 80 años. El 77,1% de los procedimientos fueron primoimplantes y el 21,6%, recambios de generador. Aunque la estimulación secuencial bicameral sigue siendo mayoritaria, se utiliza menos en pacientes mayores de 80 años y en mujeres. Además, al 28% de los pacientes con enfermedad del nódulo sinusal y el 24,7% de aquellos con bloqueo auriculoventricular se los estimula en modo VVI/R pese a estar en ritmo sinusal. Conclusiones: El consumo total de generadores de marcapasos en España ha aumentado en un 1,2% con respecto al año 2017, fundamentalmente a expensas del aumento del consumo de generadores de terapia de resincronización cardiaca con marcapasos (8,7%). Los factores directamente relacionados con la elección del modo de estimulación son la edad y el sexo

Introduction and objectives: This report describes the result of the analysis of the implanted pacemakers reported to the Spanish Pacemaker Registry in 2018. Methods: The analysis is based on the information provided by the European Pacemaker Identification Card and supplier-reported data on the overall number of implanted pacemakers. Results: Information was received from 90 hospitals, with a total of 12 148 cards, representing 31% of the estimated activity. Use of conventional and resynchronization pacemakers was 825 and 77 units per million people, respectively. The mean age of the patients receiving an implant was 78.3 years, and 54% of the devices were implanted in people aged> 80 years. A total of 77.1% were first implants and 21.6% corresponded to generator exchanges. Bicameral sequential pacing was the most frequent pacing mode but was less frequently used in patients aged> 80 years and in women. Single chamber VVI/R pacing was used in 28% of patients with sick sinus syndrome and in 24.7% of those with atrioventricular block, despite being in sinus rhythm. Conclusions: The total consumption of pacemaker generators in Spain increased by 1.2% compared with 2017, mainly due to an 8.7% increase in cardiac resynchronization therapy with pacemaker generators. Selection of pacing mode was directly influenced by age and sex

Spanish Pacemaker Registry. 16th Official Report of the Spanish Society of Cardiology Working Group on Cardiac Pacing (2018).

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES: This report describes the result of the analysis of the implanted pacemakers reported to the Spanish Pacemaker Registry in 2018. METHODS: The analysis is based on the information provided by the European Pacemaker Identification Card and supplier-reported data on the overall number of implanted pacemakers. RESULTS: Information was received from 90 hospitals, with a total of 12 148 cards, representing 31% of the estimated activity. Use of conventional and resynchronization pacemakers was 825 and 77 units per million people, respectively. The mean age of the patients receiving an implant was 78.3 years, and 54% of the devices were implanted in people aged> 80 years. A total of 77.1% were first implants and 21.6% corresponded to generator exchanges. Bicameral sequential pacing was the most frequent pacing mode but was less frequently used in patients aged> 80 years and in women. Single chamber VVI/R pacing was used in 28% of patients with sick sinus syndrome and in 24.7% of those with atrioventricular block, despite being in sinus rhythm. CONCLUSIONS: The total consumption of pacemaker generators in Spain increased by 1.2% compared with 2017, mainly due to an 8.7% increase in cardiac resynchronization therapy with pacemaker generators. Selection of pacing mode was directly influenced by age and sex.

Registro Español de Marcapasos. XV Informe Oficial de la Sección de Estimulación Cardiaca de la Sociedad Española de Cardiología (2017) / Spanish Pacemaker Registry. 15th Official Report of the Spanish Society of Cardiology Working Group on Cardiac Pacing (2017)

Introducción y objetivos: Se describen e interpretan los datos del Registro Español de Marcapasos referentes a la actividad de estimulación cardiaca llevada a cabo en España en 2017. Métodos: Se analiza la información aportada por la Tarjeta Europea del Paciente Portador de Marcapasos y la información remitida por la industria sobre el número total de dispositivos implantados. Resultados: Se recibe información de 106 centros implantadores, con un total de 12.672 tarjetas europeas, el 32,1% de la actividad total estimada. La tasa de implante de generadores de marcapasos convencionales es de 820 unidades/millón y la de terapia de resincronización cardiaca de baja energía, 26 unidades/millón. Se implantan 333 marcapasos sin cables. La media de edad al implante es 77,9 años, la mayoría en varones (58,5%). Se utilizan mayoritariamente electrodos bipolares y de fijación activa, y tan solo un 20% son compatibles con resonancia magnética. El bloqueo auriculoventricular es la alteración electrocardiográfica más frecuente. A pesar del predominio de la estimulación secuencial bicameral (55%), hasta un 21,8% de los pacientes en ritmo sinusal reciben un marcapasos VVI/R. Los pacientes mayores de 80 años son los que menos se benefician de la estimulación fisiológica y de la terapia de resincronización cardiaca de baja energía. Conclusiones: El consumo total de generadores de marcapasos en España se mantiene en cifras similares a las de 2016. La edad es el principal factor que condiciona el modo de estimulación, que podría optimizarse en cerca del 22% de los pacientes. Continúa en ascenso la implantación del marcapasos sin cables

Introduction and objectives: This report describes the data reported to the Spanish Pacemaker Registry concerning the activity in cardiac pacing in 2017 in Spain. Methods: The analysis is based on the data obtained from the European Pacemaker Identification Card and the information reported by supplier companies related to global number of implanted pacemakers. Results: Information was received from 106 hospitals, with a total of 12672 cards, representing the 32.1% of the total pacing activity. Conventional pacemaker and resynchronization pacemaker rate was 820 units/million and 26 units/million inhabitants respectively. A total of 333 leadless pacemakers were implanted. The mean age was 77.9 years, predominantly men (58.5%). Most electrodes were bipolar, with active fixation and only 20% had magnetic resonance protection. Atrioventricular block was the most common electrocardiographic disturb. Most patients received bicameral sequential pacing although single chamber VVIR pacing was used in up to 21.8% of patients. Patients older than 80 years benefited less from physiological pacing and resynchronization therapy. Conclusions: Total use of pacemaker generators remains stable with respect to 2016. Age is the main factor that influences pacing mode selection, which could be improved in around 22% of patients. Leadless pacing continues to rise

Spanish Pacemaker Registry. 15th Official Report of the Spanish Society of Cardiology Working Group on Cardiac Pacing (2017).

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES: This report describes the data reported to the Spanish Pacemaker Registry concerning the activity in cardiac pacing in 2017 in Spain. METHODS: The analysis is based on the data obtained from the European Pacemaker Identification Card and the information reported by supplier companies related to global number of implanted pacemakers. RESULTS: Information was received from 106 hospitals, with a total of 12672 cards, representing the 32.1% of the total pacing activity. Conventional pacemaker and resynchronization pacemaker rate was 820 units/million and 26 units/million inhabitants respectively. A total of 333 leadless pacemakers were implanted. The mean age was 77.9 years, predominantly men (58.5%). Most electrodes were bipolar, with active fixation and only 20% had magnetic resonance protection. Atrioventricular block was the most common electrocardiographic disturb. Most patients received bicameral sequential pacing although single chamber VVIR pacing was used in up to 21.8% of patients. Patients older than 80 years benefited less from physiological pacing and resynchronization therapy. CONCLUSIONS: Total use of pacemaker generators remains stable with respect to 2016. Age is the main factor that influences pacing mode selection, which could be improved in around 22% of patients. Leadless pacing continues to rise.

Selección de lo mejor del año 2017 en estimulación cardiaca: resonancia magnética en pacientes portadores de marcapasos y desfibriladores / Selection of the best of 2017 on cardiac pacing: magnetic resonance in patients with pacemaker and implantable defibrillator

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Registro Español de Marcapasos. XIV Informe Oficial de la Sección de Estimulación Cardiaca de la Sociedad Española de Cardiología (2016) / Spanish Pacemaker Registry. 14th Official Report of the Spanish Society of Cardiology Working Group on Cardiac Pacing (2016)

Introducción y objetivos: Se describe el resultado del análisis de los dispositivos de estimulación implantados y remitidos al Registro Español de Marcapasos en 2016. Métodos: Procesado de la información que aporta la Tarjeta Europea del Paciente Portador de Marcapasos. Resultados: Se recibió información de 115 centros hospitalarios, con un total de 12.697 tarjetas, el 32,3% de la actividad estimada. El consumo de generadores convencionales y dispositivos de resincronización fue de 818 y 79 unidades por millón habitantes respectivamente. Se implantaron 200 marcapasos sin cables. La media de edad de los pacientes que recibieron un implante fue 77,8 años y un 52% de los dispositivos se implantaron en mayores de 80 años. El 74,9% de los procedimientos fueron primoimplantes y el 23,4%, recambios de generador. Los cables endocavitarios utilizados fueron bipolares, el 82,9% con sistema de fijación activa y el 16,1% compatibles con resonancia magnética. Aunque la estimulación secuencial bicameral sigue siendo mayoritaria, se estimula en modo VVI(R) al 26,7% de los pacientes con enfermedad del nódulo sinusal y el 23,8% de aquellos con bloqueo auriculoventricular pese a estar en ritmo sinusal. Conclusiones: El consumo total de generadores de marcapasos en España ha aumentado en un 1,6% con respecto a 2015. La mayoría de los cables implantados son de fijación activa y menos del 20% tiene protección para la resonancia magnética. Los factores directamente relacionados con la elección del modo de estimulación son la edad y el sexo. En alrededor del 32% de los casos podría mejorarse la elección del modo de estimulación (AU)

Introduction and objectives: This report describes the results of analysis of implanted pacemakers reported to the Spanish Pacemaker Registry. Methods: The analysis was based on information provided by the European Pacemaker Identification Card. Results: Information was received from 115 hospitals, with a total of 12 697 cards, representing 32.3% of the estimated activity. Use of conventional and resynchronization pacemakers was 818 and 79 units per million inhabitants, respectively. A total of 200 leadless pacemakers were implanted. The mean age of the patients receiving an implant was 77.8 years, and 52% of devices were implanted in persons older than 80 years. In all, 74.9% were first implants and 23.4% corresponded to generator exchange. Endocardial leads were bipolar, 82.9% with active fixation, and 16.1% had magnetic resonance imaging protection. Most patients received bicameral sequential pacing, although single chamber pacing VVI(R) was used in 26.7% of the patients with sick sinus syndrome and in 23.8% of those with atrioventricular block, despite sinus rhythm. Conclusions: Total use of pacemaker generators in Spain has increased by 1.6% compared with 2015. Most implanted leads have active fixation and less than 20% have magnetic resonance imaging protection. Age and sex directly influenced pacing mode selection, which could be improved in around 32% of patients (AU)

Spanish Pacemaker Registry. 14th Official Report of the Spanish Society of Cardiology Working Group on Cardiac Pacing (2016).

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES: This report describes the results of analysis of implanted pacemakers reported to the Spanish Pacemaker Registry. METHODS: The analysis was based on information provided by the European Pacemaker Identification Card. RESULTS: Information was received from 115 hospitals, with a total of 12 697 cards, representing 32.3% of the estimated activity. Use of conventional and resynchronization pacemakers was 818 and 79 units per million inhabitants, respectively. A total of 200 leadless pacemakers were implanted. The mean age of the patients receiving an implant was 77.8 years, and 52% of devices were implanted in persons older than 80 years. In all, 74.9% were first implants and 23.4% corresponded to generator exchange. Endocardial leads were bipolar, 82.9% with active fixation, and 16.1% had magnetic resonance imaging protection. Most patients received bicameral sequential pacing, although single chamber pacing VVI(R) was used in 26.7% of the patients with sick sinus syndrome and in 23.8% of those with atrioventricular block, despite sinus rhythm. CONCLUSIONS: Total use of pacemaker generators in Spain has increased by 1.6% compared with 2015. Most implanted leads have active fixation and less than 20% have magnetic resonance imaging protection. Age and sex directly influenced pacing mode selection, which could be improved in around 32% of patients.

Selección de lo mejor del año 2016 en estimulación cardiaca: estimulación sin cables / Selection of the best of 2016 on cardiac pacing: leadless pacing

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Selección de lo mejor del año 2016 en terapia de resincronización cardiaca / Selection of the best of 2016 on cardiac pacing

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Registro Español de Marcapasos. XIII Informe Oficial de la Sección de Estimulación Cardiaca de la Sociedad Española de Cardiología (2015) / Spanish Pacemaker Registry. Thirteenth Official Report of the Spanish Society of Cardiology Working Group on Cardiac Pacing (2015)

Introducción y objetivos: Se describe el resultado del análisis de los dispositivos implantados y remitidos al Registro Español de Marcapasos en 2015. Métodos: Se basa en el procesado de la información que aporta la Tarjeta Europea del Paciente Portador de Marcapasos. Resultados: Se recibió información de 111 centros hospitalarios, con un total de 12.555 tarjetas, el 32,1% de la actividad estimada. El consumo de generadores convencionales y dispositivos de resincronización fue de 820 y 73 unidades por millón de habitantes respectivamente. La media de edad de los pacientes que recibieron un implante fue 77,7 años y más del 50% de los dispositivos se implantaron en mayores de 80 años. El 58,6% de los implantes y el 58,8% de los recambios se realizaron en varones. Los cables endocavitarios utilizados fueron bipolares, el 81,5% con sistema de fijación activa y el 16,5%, compatibles con resonancia magnética. Aunque la estimulación secuencial bicameral sigue siendo mayoritaria, se estimula en modo VVI/R pese a estar en ritmo sinusal al 23,8% de los pacientes con enfermedad del nódulo sinusal y el 24,1% de aquellos con bloqueo auriculoventricular. Conclusiones: El consumo total de generadores de marcapasos en España ha aumentado en un 5% con respecto a 2014. La mayor parte de los cables implantados son de fijación activa y menos del 20% tienen protección para la resonancia magnética. Los factores directamente relacionados con la elección del modo de estimulación son la edad y el sexo. En alrededor del 20% de los casos podría mejorarse la elección del modo de estimulación (AU)

Introduction and objectives: We describe the results of the analysis of the devices implanted and conveyed to the Spanish Pacemaker Registry in 2015. Methods: The report is based on the processing of information provided by the European Pacemaker Patient Identification Card. Results: We received information from 111 hospitals, with a total of 12 555 cards, representing 32.1% of all the estimated activity. The use of conventional generators and resynchronization devices was 820 and 73 units per million population, respectively. The mean age of the patients receiving an implantation was 77.7 years, and more than 50% of the devices were implanted in patients over 80 years of age. Overall, 58.6% of the implants and 58.8% of the replacements were performed in men. All of the endocardial leads employed were bipolar, 81.5% had an active fixation system, and 16.5% were compatible with magnetic resonance. Although dual chamber sequential pacing continues to be more widespread, pacing with VVI/R mode is used because up to 23.8% of the patients with sinus node disease are in sinus rhythm, as are 24.1% of those with atrioventricular block. Conclusions: The total use of pacemaker generators in Spain has increased by about 5% with respect to 2014. The majority of the leads implanted are of active fixation, and less than 20% are protected from magnetic resonance. The factors directly related to the selection of pacing mode are age and sex. In around 20% of patients, the choice of the pacing mode could be improved (AU)

Spanish Pacemaker Registry. Thirteenth Official Report of the Spanish Society of Cardiology Working Group on Cardiac Pacing (2015).

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES: We describe the results of the analysis of the devices implanted and conveyed to the Spanish Pacemaker Registry in 2015. METHODS: The report is based on the processing of information provided by the European Pacemaker Patient Identification Card. RESULTS: We received information from 111 hospitals, with a total of 12 555 cards, representing 32.1% of all the estimated activity. The use of conventional generators and resynchronization devices was 820 and 73 units per million population, respectively. The mean age of the patients receiving an implantation was 77.7 years, and more than 50% of the devices were implanted in patients over 80 years of age. Overall, 58.6% of the implants and 58.8% of the replacements were performed in men. All of the endocardial leads employed were bipolar, 81.5% had an active fixation system, and 16.5% were compatible with magnetic resonance. Although dual chamber sequential pacing continues to be more widespread, pacing with VVI/R mode is used because up to 23.8% of the patients with sinus node disease are in sinus rhythm, as are 24.1% of those with atrioventricular block. CONCLUSIONS: The total use of pacemaker generators in Spain has increased by about 5% with respect to 2014. The majority of the leads implanted are of active fixation, and less than 20% are protected from magnetic resonance. The factors directly related to the selection of pacing mode are age and sex. In around 20% of patients, the choice of the pacing mode could be improved.

Conceptos técnicos fundamentales de la estimulación cardiaca / Cardiac pacing: basic technical considerations

Los marcapasos, para generar los impulsos eléctricos y alimentar sus circuitos, precisan de una fuente de energía, que en la actualidad es una pila de litio-yodo, de capacidad limitada aunque su carga sea tres veces mayor por unidad de volumen que la disponible en las baterías empleadas hace 30 años. A continuación se exponen aspectos técnicos básicos cuyo conocimiento es necesario para obtener un bajo consumo de energía y de este modo prolongar la vida útil de los generadores. La programación de la energía del impulso permite reducir el consumo, por lo que es fundamental obtener un óptimo umbral de estimulación, que en gran parte depende de la interfase electrodo-endocardio. También se revisan los automatismos de respuesta en frecuencia, detección y reducción de la estimulación ventricular innecesaria, así como la digitalización de las señales intracardiacas (AU)

Cardiac pacemakers need an energy supply to generate pulses and to power internal circuitry. At present, that energy is provided by a lithium iodine cell, which has a limited capacity although it holds three times the charge per unit volume of batteries used 30 years ago. This article describes the basic techniques used for ensuring that energy consumption is low and, consequently, that the pacemaker’s useful life is as long as possible. Careful programming reduces the energy used in each impulse and lowers consumption. Therefore, it is essential to determine the optimum pacing threshold, which largely depends on the electrode-endocardium interface. This article also contains a review of automatic pacemaker functions, such as rate-responsiveness and the detection and reduction of unnecessary ventricular pacing, and an update on digital processing of intracardiac signals (AU)